Biomarcadores na Urticária Crónica Espontânea
Resumo
Introdução: Atualmente, a compreensão sobre a etiopatogenia da urticária crónica espontânea é escassa. Devido à carência de dados sobre a sua etiologia, o tratamento disponível tem apenas como objetivo o controlo sintomático, com a maioria dos doentes a serem resistentes à primeira e segunda linha terapêutica (anti-H1 de segunda geração). Tendo em conta o seu impacto no doente e o difícil controlo sintomatológico, surgiu a necessidade de investigar marcadores de resposta ao tratamento da urticária crónica espontânea.
Métodos: Realizou-se uma revisão sobre biomarcadores que permitem guiar na prática clínica a escalada terapêutica destes doentes, permitindo um controlo mais eficaz e precoce da urticária.
Resultados: Na urticária crónica espontânea (UCE) têm sido investigados muitos biomarcadores, mas são ainda escassos e por vezes contraditórios os resultados sobre a sua capacidade de prever a resposta à terapêutica. A maioria dos estudos é concordante na menor reatividade aos anti-H1 perante níveis de PCR ou D-dímeros elevados e nas formas de UCE autoimunes. Neste último caso, se predominarem anticorpos IgG anti-FcεRI ou anti-IgE (autoimunidade tipo IIb), os doentes habitualmente têm o teste do soro autólogo e o teste de ativação dos basófilos positivos, basopenia, eosinopenia e IgE sérica total baixa ou muito baixa, e a resposta ao omalizumab costuma ser pobre e/ou lenta, mas tendencialmente favorável à ciclosporina. Se predominar a IgE anti-self (autoimundade tipo I ou autoalergia) a IgE sérica total é normal ou elevada, na ausência dos marcadores característicos da autoimunidade IIb, e a resposta à ciclosporina é pobre, mas bastante favorável e rápida ao omalizumb. A elevação dos D-dímeros prediz uma reposta desfavorável aos três fármacos.
Conclusão: Na UCE resistente aos anti-histamínicos de segunda geração, habitualmente com PCR e D-dímeros elevados, os doentes que respondem favoravelmente à ciclosporina e lentamente ao omalizumab têm normalmente uma autoimunidade tipo IIb subjacente e os doentes refratários à terapêutica com ciclosporina e que respondem rapidamente ao omalizumab têm subjacente uma autoimunidade tipo I ou autoalérgica. Estes subtipos podem ser indiretamente avaliados pelos níveis séricos de IgE total, pelos valores de basófilos e eosinófilos circulantes e pelos testes do soro autólogo e de ativação dos basófilos. Contudo, são ainda necessários mais estudos para estabelecer biomarcadores mais precisos que auxiliem na seleção da escalada terapêutica.
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