Urticária Crónica - Do Diagnóstico ao Tratamento
Resumo
Cerca de 20 % da população sofre pelo menos um episódio de urticária e 0,5 a 1 % sofre de urticária crónica, com uma duração média entre 1 e 5 anos e uma maior incidência em mulheres entre os 20 e os 40 anos. Dada a publicação, em 2014, de recomendações europeias para a sua orientação diagnóstica e terapêutica, os autores fazem uma revisão dos vários aspetos da urticária crónica. A urticária crónica, resultante da libertação de mediadores pró-inflamatórios do mastócito, caracteriza- se pelo aparecimento diário ou quase diário, de lesões cutâneas maculopapulares, eritematosas, pruriginosas e/ou angioedema, que persistem por um período superior a 6 semanas. Classifica-se em urticária crónica espontânea ou indutível, sendo aconselhável a realização de exames complementares de acordo com a história clínica. O tratamento é sintomático, baseado em evidência, sendo a 1ª linha os anti-histamínicos H1 de 2ª geração, que podem ser aumentados até 4x a dose aprovada e numa 3ª linha, fármacos como o omalizumab ou a ciclosporina. Dado o impacto negativo na qualidade de vida e os custos que esta patologia crónica acarreta, é de extrema importância alertar os clínicos para a necessidade de diagnóstico e tratamento correcto precoces e, se necessário, referenciação atempada para centros especializados, tendo sempre como objetivo o controlo completo dos sintomas, da forma mais segura possível.
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