Regional Neck Metastization of Head and Neck Skin Cancer

  • Miguel Oliveira Serviço de Cirurgia Maxilofacial, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal
  • Joana Cabete Serviço de Dermatologia, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal
  • Carina Semedo Serviço de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Instituto Português de Oncologia Francisco Gentil Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
  • Miguel Vilares Serviço de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Instituto Português de Oncologia Francisco Gentil Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
  • Carla Coelho Serviço de Cirurgia Maxilofacial, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal
  • David Pratas Vital Serviço de Cirurgia Maxilofacial, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal
  • Paulo Valejo Coelho Serviço de Cirurgia Maxilofacial, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal
  • Margarida Apetato Serviço de Dermatologia, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal
Keywords: Carcinoma, Merkel Cell, Squamous Cell, Head and Neck Neoplasms, Melanoma, Skin Neoplasms

Abstract

Skin cancer is the most frequent cancer, with higher incidence in head and neck, due to chronic sun exposure. The risk of neck metastasis depends on their histology and staging. Melanoma and Merkel carcinoma with N0 neck stage, have a probability of locorregional micrometastases around 20% and from 20-50% respectively. Squamous cell carcinoma has a risk from 5 up to 20%. However, there are several factors, including staging model limitations, that turn assessment of squamous cell carcinoma metastasis cumbersome. The use of sentinel lymph node biopsy and follow-up protocols are also debatable.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Iorio ML, Ter Louw RP, Kauffman CL, Davison SP. Evidence-

Based Medicine: facial skin malignancy. Plast Reconstr

Surg. 2013;132: 1631-43.

Porceddu S V., Veness MJ, Guminski A. Nonmelanoma

cutaneous head and neck cancer and merkel cell carcinoma:

Current concepts, advances, and controversies. J

Clin Oncol. 2015;33: 3338-45.

RORENO. Registo Oncológico Nacional 2010. In: Inst.

Port. Oncol. do Porto Fr. Gentil - EPE, Porto. [consultado

Jun 2016] Disponível em: http://www.roreno.com.pt/

images/stories/pdfs/ro_nacional_2010.pdf.

Morand GB, Madana J, Da Silva SD, Hier MP, Mlynarek

AM, Black MJ. Merkel cell carcinoma of the head and

neck: poorer prognosis than non-head and neck sites. J

Laryngol Otol. 2016;130: 393-7.

Schmalbach CE, Bradford CR. Is sentinel lymph node

biopsy the standard of care for cutaneous head and neck

melanoma? Laryngoscope. 2015;125: 153-60.

Larson DL, Larson JD. Head and neck melanoma. Clin

Plast Surg. 2010;37: 73-7.

Clark WH, From L, Bernardino E a, Clark H, Bernardino

E, Mihm MC. The histogenesis and biologic behavior of

primary human malignant melanomas of the skin. Cancer

Res. 1969;705-27.

Breslow A. Thickness, cross-sectional areas and depth of

invasion in the prognosis of cutaneous melanoma. Ann

Surg. 1970;172: 902-8.

Byers RM, Wolf PF, Ballantyne AJ. Rationale for elective

modified neck dissection. Head Neck Surg. 1988;10:

-7.

Kritikos N, Priftakis D, Stavrinides S, Kleanthous S, Sarafianou

E. Nuclear medicine techniques in Merkel cell carcinoma:

A case report and review of the literature. Oncol

Lett. 2015;10: 1610-6.

Morton DL, Wen DR, Wong JH, Economou JS, Cagle LA,

Storm FK, et al. Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic

mapping for early stage melanoma. Arch Surg.

;127: 392-9.

Morton DL. Overview and update of the phase III Multicenter

Selective Lymphadenectomy Trials (MSLT-I and

MSLT-II) in melanoma. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2012;29:

-706.

O’Brien CJ, Petersen-Schafer K, Papadopoulos T, Malka

V. Evaluation of 107 therapeutic and elective parotidectomies

for cutaneous melanoma. Am J Surg. 1994;168:

-3.

Cochran AJ, Balda BR, Starz H, Bachter D, Krag DN,

Cruse CW, et al. The Augsburg consensus: Techniques

of lymphatic mapping, sentinel lymphadenectomy, and

completion lymphadenectomy in cutaneous malignancies.

Cancer. 2000;89: 236-41.

Strassen U, Hofauer B, Jacobi C, Knopf A. Management

of locoregional recurrence in cutaneous squamous cell

carcinoma of the head and neck. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-

-Laryngology. 2017; 274:501-6.

Stratigos A, Garbe C, Lebbe C, Malvehy J, Del Marmol

V, Pehamberger H, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of invasive

squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: European

consensus-based interdisciplinary guideline. Eur J Cancer.

;51: 1989-2007.

Marrazzo G, Thorpe R, Condie D, Pinho MC, Srivastava

D. Clinical and Pathologic Factors Predictive of Positive

Radiologic Findings in High-Risk Cutaneous Squamous

Cell Carcinoma. Dermatol Surg. 2015;41: 1405-10.

Wiser I, Phd M, Scope Md A, Bsc DA, Zloczower Bscmed

E, Carmel NN, et al. Head and neck cutaneous squamous

cell carcinoma clinicopathological risk Factors according

to age and gender: a Population-based study. Isr

Med Assoc J. 2016;18:275-8.

Breuninger H, Brantsch K, Eigentler T, Häfner H-M. Comparison

and evaluation of the current staging of cutaneous

carcinomas. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2012;10: 579-86.

Haisma MS, Plaat BE, Bijl HP, Roodenburg JL, Diercks GF,

Romeijn TR, et al. Multivariate analysis of potential risk

factors for lymph node metastasis in patients with cutaneous

squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J

Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;75: 722-30.

Stadler R, Assaf C, Klemke C, Nashan D, Weichenthal M,

Dummer R, et al. Update guidelines dermatologic oncology.

J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2013;11: 1-45.

Farasat S, Yu SS, Neel VA, Nehal KS, Lardaro T, Mihm

MC, et al. A new American Joint Committee on Cancer

staging system for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma:

Creation and rationale for inclusion of tumor (T) characteristics.

J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64: 1051-9.

Warner CL, Cockerell CJ. The New Seventh Edition

American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging of Cutaneous

Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer. Am J Clin Dermatol.

;12: 147-54.

Brantsch KD, Meisner C, Schönfisch B, Trilling B, Wehner-

-Caroli J, Röcken M et al. Analysis of risk factors determining

prognosis of cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma:

a prospective study. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9: 713-20.

Jambusaria-Pahlajani A, Kanetsky PA, Karia PS, Hwang

W-T, Gelfand JM, Whalen FM, et al. Evaluation of AJCC

tumor staging for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

and a proposed alternative tumor staging system. JAMA

Dermatol. 2013;149: 402-10.

Vauterin TJ, Veness MJ, Morgan GJ, Poulsen MG, O’Brien

CJ. Patterns of lymph node spread of cutaneous squamous

cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Head Neck.

;28: 785-91.

Durham AB, Lowe L, Malloy KM, McHugh JB, Bradford

CR, Chubb H, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for cutaneous

squamous cell carcinoma on the head and neck.

JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016;48109: 1-6.

Trotter SC, Sroa N, Winkelmann RR, Olencki T, Bechtel

M. A global review of melanoma follow-up guidelines. J

Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2013;6: 18-26.

Serra-Arbeloa P, Rabines-Juárez ÁO, Álvarez-Ruiz MS,

Guillén-Grima F. Estudio descriptivo de costes en melanoma

cutáneo de diferentes estadios. Actas Dermosifiliogr.

(in press).

Madu MF, Wouters MW, van Akkooi AC. Sentinel node

biopsy in melanoma: Current controversies addressed.

Eur J Surg Oncol. 2017;43:517-33.

Teixeira V, Vieira R, Coutinho I, Cabral R, Andrade P, Julião

MJ, et al. Biopsia de gânglio sentinela em Portugal

– experiência de um centro de referência. Rev Soc Port

Dermatol Venereol. 2014;71: 477-85.

Lee DY, Huynh KT, Teng A, Lau BJ, Vitug S, Lee J-H, et al.

Predictors and survival impact of false-negative sentinel

nodes in melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;1012-8.

Guggenheim M, Dummer R, Jung FJ, Mihic-Probst D,

Steinert H, Rousson V, et al. The influence of sentinel

lymph node tumour burden on additional lymph node

involvement and disease-free survival in cutaneous melanoma--

a retrospective analysis of 392 cases. Br J Cancer.

;98: 1922-8.

Sawh-Martinez R, Douglas S, Pavri S, Ariyan S, Narayan

D. Management of head and neck melanoma: results of

a national survey. Ann Plast Surg. 2014;73: S175-S177.

Nahabedian MY, Tufaro AP, Manson PN. Sentinel lymph

node biopsy for the T1 (thin) melanoma: is it necessary?

Ann Plast Surg. 2003;50: 601-6.

Dummer R, Siano M, Hunger R, Lindenblatt N, Braun R,

Michielin O, et al. The updated Swiss guidelines 2016

for the treatment and follow-up of cutaneous melanoma.

Swiss Med Wkly. 2016;1-9.

Lemos M, Vieira R, Brinca A, Figueiredo A. Biópsia do

gânglio sentinela em melanomas espessos: estudo clínico

retrospectivo num único centro. Rev Soc Port Dermatol

Venereol. 2016;74: 255-9.

Dummer R, Hauschild A, Lindenblatt N, Pentheroudakis

G, Keilholz U. Cutaneous melanoma: ESMO Clinical

Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-

-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26: v126-v132.

National Comprehensive Cancer Network Clinical Pratice

Guidelines in Oncology Merkel Cell Carcinoma. [consultado

Jun 2016] Disponível em: https://www.nccn.org/

professionals/physician_gls/pdf/mcc.pdf.

Green B, Godden D, Brennan PA. Malignant cutaneous

adnexal tumours of the head and neck: an update on

management. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;53: 485-

Gunaratne DA, Howle JR, Veness MJ. Sentinel lymph

node biopsy in Merkel cell carcinoma: a 15 year institutional

experience and statistical analysis of 721 reported

cases. Br J Dermatol. 2015;273-81.

Cabral R, Brinca A, Vieira R, Mariano A, Tellechea Ó,

Figueiredo A. Carcinoma de células de Merkel – revisão

de 7 casos. Rev Soc Port Dermatol Venereol. 2014;71:

-6.

Strom TJ, Caudell JJ, Harrison LB. Management of

BCC and SCC of the head and neck. Cancer Control.

;23: 220-7.

Published
2017-04-17
How to Cite
Oliveira, M., Cabete, J., Semedo, C., Vilares, M., Coelho, C., Pratas Vital, D., Valejo Coelho, P., & Apetato, M. (2017). Regional Neck Metastization of Head and Neck Skin Cancer. Journal of the Portuguese Society of Dermatology and Venereology, 75(1), 27-35. https://doi.org/10.29021/spdv.75.1.715
Section
Review Articles